Bibliographies: 'Bus stop survey' – Grafiati (2024)

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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bus stop survey

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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  • Journal articles
  • Dissertations / Theses
  • Books
  • Book chapters
  • Conference papers
  • Reports

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Journal articles on the topic "Bus stop survey"

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Ewing, Reid. "Asking Transit Users About Transit-Oriented Design." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1735, no.1 (January 2000): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1735-03.

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Visual-preference surveys are becoming popular in “visioning” projects, design charrettes, and other physical planning activities in which intensive public involvement is desired. In a survey, transit users, nonusers, and professionals were shown a series of paired slides of bus stops, asked to choose the stop from each pair at which they would prefer to wait, and asked to rate each stop chosen as a place to wait. Slides then were analyzed for content, with 19 features of bus stops and surroundings measured and quantified. Subsequent analysis showed that transit-oriented design features most affecting both choices and ratings are a bus shelter at the stop, trees along the street leading to the stop, a vertical curb at the stop, the setback of the stop from the street edge, and a continuous sidewalk leading to the stop. Such a survey may help transit planners choose the best transit-stop locations and devote financial resources to the most promising transit-stop amenities, given the inevitable trade-offs involved.

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Hafezi, Mohammad Hesam, and Amiruddin Ismail. "Interaction between Bus Stops Location and Traffic on Bus Operation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 1185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.1185.

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In bus networks there are many stations used for boarding and alighting passengers along the bus route. In designing bus stop location three sides approach to be considered; the big picture, street side and curb side. Apiece of three sides have directly affects in the bus scheduling. The effectiveness of bus operation will depend on number of bus stops and its spacing. Basically, bus stations have two kinds: bus stop, use to service passengers in one bus line and bus interchange (terminal) use to share station between some bus lines. This article described a survey on bus stop location efficiency in bus operation where study on bus stop location in three points: near-side, far-side and mid-block were considered. It has been highlighted bus stop location in situation mid-block has higher efficiency than others situations.

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Mishra, Aamlan Saswat. "Selection of Parameters and Parametric Design of Smart Bus Stops to Improve the Socio-temporal Landscape in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India." Journal of Advanced Research in Construction and Urban Architecture 05, no.3&4 (October9, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.9925.202002.

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Transportation is an important activity under Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Bus stops are a crucial included element, which requires an architectural design for user satisfaction using functional and ethical design parameters. A study has been conducted at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India to find the scope for development in the present bus stop infrastructures for better user satisfaction. Major bus routes in the town involving intra-city routes and intercity routes have been selected. Thirty-seven bus stops are selected for survey and analysis. User requirements in the bus stops have been evaluated and used as parameters for an improved design. A total of eighteen parameters are evaluated through survey and the feedback has been recorded in Google Form for analysis. Central tendencies of data have been computed. Further, dimensional reduction technique has been used to identify the principal components responsible for synergy of parameters. PCA of first three Principal component parameters has been considered for re-modelling the bus stops of Bhubaneswar. It has been observed that seven parameters jointly can achieve 54.4% user’s satisfaction compared to 44% as observed from the descriptive statistical analysis. Minitab-18 has been used for all statistical analysis. The correlation coefficient values have been used to determine the requirements of bus stop users in Bhubaneswar at different bus stops. PCA plots are further analysed for parameter recommendation in upgrading the bus stop facilities to make it sustainable and environment-friendly. The design of the bus stop has been made using Rhinoceros software and Grasshopper plugin.

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Aung, Thet Htun, Kyaing, Ko Ko Lwin, and Yoshihide Sekimoto. "Analysis of Bus Operation at Peak Hours Using Bus GPS Data: A Case Study of YBS-36." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no.3 (March30, 2020): 426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0426.

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The use of public buses constitutes the primary daily transportation mode for commuters inside the city of Yangon. The efficiency of the public bus transportation service is important to the local government in terms of public safety and energy saving. The main objective of this study is to understand the current public bus transportation problems in Yangon and to propose a new improved method for the allocation of bus stops. In this study, an on-board survey was conducted to collect bus-passenger counts. Moreover, a check-point survey was carried out to determine the passenger volume at each bus stop and to decide whether the bus stop should be relocated. Finally, a geographic information systems (GIS) model was developed to determine the optimized bus-stop locations based on the passenger volume and on various public-facility locations (such as offices and shopping centers). This study aims to support the Yangon Bus Service (YBS), a major bus transportation service in Yangon city – Myanmar, to optimize its bus network.

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Fitzpatrick, Kay, Dennis Perkinson, and Kevin Hall. "Findings from a Survey on Bus Stop Design." Journal of Public Transportation 1, no.3 (September 1997): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.1.3.2.

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Foote,PeterJ., and DarwinG.Stuart. "Customer Satisfaction Contrasts: Express Versus Local Bus Service in Chicago's North Corridor." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1618, no.1 (January 1998): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1618-18.

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Results of customer satisfaction surveys conducted for five express and two local Chicago Transit Authority bus routes serving Chicago’s North Corridor are presented. More than 4,000 surveys were returned from bus routes typically carrying more than 58,000 daily riders. Survey respondents were asked to proceed through a list of 10 service quality attributes, first indicating how satisfied they were with that service aspect and, second, rating the importance of that service feature to them. Both local and express bus riders were most satisfied with safety from crime and driver courtesy. They were both least satisfied with ability to find a seat and on-time performance at their stop. Four service features were also together rated highest in importance by both rider types: safety from crime, reach destination quickly, on time at stop, and frequency of buses. By further matching satisfaction against importance scores, the highest priority for ongoing bus service improvement in the North Corridor was assigned to better on-time performance and frequency of bus service. Customer satisfaction components of a customer loyalty index were also analyzed. On-board survey methodology conclusions regarding the ability of survey respondents to complete both importance and satisfaction components on both express and local bus routes with surveyor prompting are also presented.

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Gershon,RobynR.M., Richard Neitzel, MarissaA.Barrera, and Muhammad Akram. "Pilot Survey of Subway and Bus Stop Noise Levels." Journal of Urban Health 83, no.5 (June27, 2006): 802–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-006-9080-3.

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Jain, Anjali, and Agya Mishra. "Design of IoT based Real-Time Bus Tracking App using HF-RFID." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 9, no.6 (March30, 2021): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f5365.039621.

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Public Transportation is the major means of Bus among people. A recent survey by the National Sample Survey Organization says that about 62-66% of people use the bus as their mode of transport. Public Bus tracking system aims at providing the instant status of the bus to the users via an automated system. This paper describes a design of IoT enabled real time bus tracking system. In this work a bus tracking mobile phone app is developed, using that people can exactly locate the bus status and time to bus arrival at bus-stop. This work uses high frequency RFID tags at buses and RFID receivers at bus-stops and with NodeMCU real time RIFD tagging (bus running) information is collected and uploaded on cloud. Users can access the bus running and status from cloud on mobile app in real time.

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Lanza, Kevin, and CaseyP.Durand. "Heat-Moderating Effects of Bus Stop Shelters and Tree Shade on Public Transport Ridership." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no.2 (January8, 2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020463.

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Rising temperatures threaten the resilience of public transit systems. We determined whether bus stop shelters and tree canopy surrounding bus stops moderated the effect of warm season temperatures on ridership in Austin, Texas, and whether shelters and trees were equitably distributed. For bus stops (n = 2271) of Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, boardings per bus were measured 1 April–30 September 2019. Air temperature data originated from the Camp Mabry weather station. Tree canopy was calculated by classification of high-resolution aerial imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program. Data on race, ethnicity, poverty level, median age, and bus commuters within census tracts of bus stops originated from the 2014–2018 American Community Survey. Using multilevel negative binomial regression models, we found that shelters did not moderate the effect of high temperatures on ridership (p > 0.05). During high temperatures, each one-percent increase in tree canopy was associated with a lesser decrease (1.6%) in ridership compared to if there were no trees (1.7%) (p < 0.001). In general, shelters and trees were equitably distributed. Insignificant or modest effects of shelters and trees on ridership during high temperatures may be attributed to the transit dependency of riders. For climate change adaptation, we recommend tree planting at bus stops to protect from ridership losses and unhealthy exposure to extreme heat.

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Lanza, Kevin, and CaseyP.Durand. "Heat-Moderating Effects of Bus Stop Shelters and Tree Shade on Public Transport Ridership." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no.2 (January8, 2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020463.

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Rising temperatures threaten the resilience of public transit systems. We determined whether bus stop shelters and tree canopy surrounding bus stops moderated the effect of warm season temperatures on ridership in Austin, Texas, and whether shelters and trees were equitably distributed. For bus stops (n = 2271) of Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, boardings per bus were measured 1 April–30 September 2019. Air temperature data originated from the Camp Mabry weather station. Tree canopy was calculated by classification of high-resolution aerial imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program. Data on race, ethnicity, poverty level, median age, and bus commuters within census tracts of bus stops originated from the 2014–2018 American Community Survey. Using multilevel negative binomial regression models, we found that shelters did not moderate the effect of high temperatures on ridership (p > 0.05). During high temperatures, each one-percent increase in tree canopy was associated with a lesser decrease (1.6%) in ridership compared to if there were no trees (1.7%) (p < 0.001). In general, shelters and trees were equitably distributed. Insignificant or modest effects of shelters and trees on ridership during high temperatures may be attributed to the transit dependency of riders. For climate change adaptation, we recommend tree planting at bus stops to protect from ridership losses and unhealthy exposure to extreme heat.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bus stop survey"

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Gomez, Sanchez Ana Julita. "Bus stop attributes and perception of safety : case study Huston Tillotson University." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2054.

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This professional report examines the degree to which the perception of safety shapes travel behavior in Austin, Texas, using Huston Tillotson University (HT) students as our case study. Focus groups are used to explore and identify what elements of the public transit experience are considered safe and unsafe. The report explores what “frightens” HT participants away from using the bus. A quantitative study is then used to measure environmental variables and their relation to bus stops and perceptions of safety. Austin crime data are used to locate bus stop crimes and develop a real context for bus riders’ perceptions of crime. After describing the conditions of bus stops based on physical, environmental, and criminal attributes, the study develops scenarios for the study areas. This report closes by summarizing the empirical findings and gives design and policy recommendations for transportation planners, agencies, and policy makers.
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Books on the topic "Bus stop survey"

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Klugman,CraigM., and Erin Gentry Lamb, eds. Research Methods in Health Humanities. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190918514.001.0001.

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Research Methods in Health Humanities surveys the diverse and unique research methods used by scholars in the growing transdisciplinary field of health humanities. Appropriate for advanced undergraduates but nuanced enough to engage more seasoned students and scholars, this volume is an essential teaching and reference tool for health humanities teachers and scholars. Health humanities is a field united by its commitment to social justice; it recognizes the importance of applying expertise to real-world concerns and of creating research that translates back in meaningful and useful ways to participants and communities. The chapters in this field-defining volume reflect these values through research approaches to examining the human aspects of health and healthcare that are critical, reflective, textual, contextual, qualitative, and quantitative. Divided into four sections, the volume demonstrates how to conduct research on texts, contexts, people, and programs. Readers will find research methods from traditional disciplines adapted to health humanities work, such as close reading of diverse texts, archival research, ethnography, interviews, and surveys. The book also features transdisciplinary methods unique to the health humanities, such as health and social justice studies, digital health humanities, and community dialogues. Each chapter provides learning objectives, step-by-step instructions, resources, and exercises, with illustrations of the method provided by the authors’ own research. An invaluable tool in learning, curricular development, and research design, this volume provides a grounding in the traditions of the humanities, fine arts, and social sciences for students considering healthcare careers and also provides useful tools of inquiry for everyone, as we are all future patients and future caregivers of a loved one.

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Dworkin, Ian, DanielA.Fung, and TimothyT.Davis. Biologic and Regenerative Therapies. Edited by MehulJ.Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0027.

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Low back pain is one of the most debilitating conditions worldwide, and a major cause is degenerative disc disease. Current therapies range from conservative treatments, such as medications, physical therapy, and other modalities, to more invasive treatments such as injections and surgery; however, these therapies neither stop the progression of degeneration nor restore function to the degenerating disc; they focus on symptom management, not on etiology. A novel approach to treating degenerative disc disease involves using regenerative therapies such as stem cells, growth factors, and gene therapy. The goal of these therapies is not just to decrease symptoms, but to reverse disc degeneration, while simultaneously enhancing current treatment modalities. Though clinical translation of regenerative therapies is in its infancy, in vitro and in vivo investigations have revealed these therapies’ potential in treating degenerative disc disease as well as a multitude of other musculoskeletal conditions.

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Anguiano Téllez, María Eugenia, Rafael Alonso Hernández López, and Daniel Villafuerte Solís, eds. The World Through Borders: The Difficult Journey of Migrants in Transit. Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Centro de Estudios Superiores de México y Centroamérica. El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29043/cesmeca.rep.968.

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XXI Century’s irregular migrations have been framed as national security issues, receiving as such, millionaire investments to surveil and punish. Consequently terrifying elements such as the State’s security forces, and the extortionist crime have occupied the borders. Un-der this punitive principle, borders fulfill a critical mission: not letting pass those considered “undesirables”, who do not possess visas o entry permits for the destination countries, or for passing through the transit ones. Under these circumstances, borders prevent and inhibit but never stop the human flow filtering through the borders’ pores, as if it was a ghost following capital looking for a chance to be exploited. In its current metamorpho-sis, the capital despises and degrades the labor force, selecting and extracting its energy, which once used, is discarded and replaced in an intermittent cycle. The works included in this volume unveil these cycles, questioning and reflecting on the free circulation of peo-ple, the nature of border controls, the routes followed by migrants to avoid regulations, and the geopolitical expressions between migrants’ countries of origin and destination.

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Jonsson,JanO., and Carina Mood. Sweden: Child Poverty during Two Recessions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0011.

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This chapter looks at child poverty trends in Sweden across two recessions, the first (severe) 1991–6, and the second (hardly noticeable) 2008–10, using a number of measures. Absolute (bread-line) household income poverty and economic deprivation surged, with some lag, during the first recession, but shrunk steadily as the macro-economy improved up until around 2006, after which there is no trend but temporary fluctuations. Relative income poverty fell somewhat during the earlier recession but has grown since the mid-1990s, mainly because of a more precarious situation for one-parent families and non-employed parents (often immigrants). In a rare but theoretically important step, child poverty is also measured by young people’s own reports, showing few trends between 2000 and 2011. While material conditions improved somewhat, relative poverty did not change, in stark contrast to household relative poverty—perhaps because poor parents distribute more economic resources to their children during hard times.

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Hogan,WesleyC. On the Freedom Side. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469652481.001.0001.

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As Wesley C. Hogan sees it, the future of democracy belongs to young people. While today's generation of leaders confronts a daunting array of existential challenges, increasingly it is young people in the United States and around the world who are finding new ways of belonging, collaboration, and survival. That reality forms the backbone of this book, as Hogan documents and assesses young people's interventions in the American fight for democracy and its ideals. Beginning with reflections on the inspiring example of Ella Baker and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in the 1960s, Hogan profiles youth-led organizations and their recent work. Examples include Southerners on New Ground (SONG) in the NAFTA era; Oakland's Ella Baker Center and its fight against the school-to-prison pipeline; the Dreamers who are fighting for immigration reform; the Movement for Black Lives that is demanding a reinvestment in youth of color and an end to police violence against people of color; and the International Indigenous Youth Council, water protectors at Standing Rock who fought to stop the Dakota Access Pipeline and protect sovereign control of Indigenous lands. As Hogan reveals, the legacy of Ella Baker and the civil rights movement has often been carried forward by young people at the margins of power and wealth in U.S. society. This book foregrounds their voices and gathers their inventions--not in a comprehensive survey, but as an activist mix tape--with lively, fresh perspectives on the promise of twenty-first-century U.S. democracy.

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Morgan Wortham, Simon. Fear of the Open: Resistances of the Public Sphere. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429603.003.0009.

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This chapter explores the theme of the ‘outside’, and the fears, desires, drives and indeed drift it seems to inspire, in order to raise the question of agoraphobia in a number of contexts. In particular, agoraphobia is not only about recoil or retreat from public spaces: surprisingly enough, an abiding fear of the ‘open’ may in fact generate the conditions of possibility for a democratically-oriented public sphere, however fragile and contradictory they may be. Agoraphobic fear of the space of the public square, whether crowded or comparatively empty, can produce inconsistent effects, provoking reactionary paranoia as well as inspiring political dissent. But if the appeal to the ‘rational ground’ of a public sphere is at least in part based upon agoraphobic, crowd-fearing impulses, its evocation of reason and duty is exceeded and resisted by a notion of Levinasian responsibility that has been described in terms of an ‘ethical agoraphobia’. If the ‘ethical agoraphobia’ of Levinasian responsibility entails a step into the ‘open’ that cannot simply be faced fearlessly, then this surely prompts critique of recent speculative materialism as in want of an object to be scared of.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bus stop survey"

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"Evaluation of BPS and Its Impact." In Business Process Standardization, 198–241. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7236-9.ch005.

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The goal of this chapter is a quantitative analysis of the research models and the research hypotheses developed in Chapter 4. In a first step, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) methodology as applied in this research and a set of quality criteria to evaluate PLS models are introduced. Then, the surveys conducted—“Recruiting Trends 2007 and 2009”—are presented with details on the process in focus, the construct operationalizations used, as well as the data collection and evaluation carried out. Finally, the results of the survey are presented.

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Minchin,TimothyJ. "He’s on Our Side?" In Labor Under Fire. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469632988.003.0008.

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After the difficult Reagan-Bush years, the Federation expected a lot from new Democratic president Bill Clinton, and played an important role in his election. This chapter explores the AFL-CIO during Clinton’s presidency, particularly his crucial first term. To be sure, Clinton did much more for working Americans than his Republican predecessors. Consulting closely with the Federation, he passed the Family and Medical Leave Act, issued a reemployment order for the former PATCO strikers, and appointed more sympathetic officials to the NLRB. Despite these important achievements, Clinton’s administration failed on the three key issues that the Federation had identified: health care reform, workplace fairness legislation, and trade. Rather than ensuring fair trade, moreover, the administration pushed through NAFTA with considerable zeal. In an effort to stop NAFTA, the Federation launched an unprecedented campaign among its members, but the President’s commitment to the Agreement won the day. Demoralized after this defeat, the AFL-CIO failed to campaign sufficiently in the 1994 midterm elections, helping the Republicans to make stunning gains. The GOP’s clean sweep of Congress destroyed hopes for progressive reform, and led to internal criticism of Kirkland’s leadership, which continued to baulk at fundamental reform. The stage was set for Kirkland to be overthrown.

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Lorbiecki, Marybeth. "Great Possessions: 1945– 1948." In A Fierce Green Fire. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0018.

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Soldiers returning from the war who longed to be a part of something life-affirming and “pure” rushed into the ranks of the wildlife profession. In the fall of 1945 and spring of 1946, the Professor’s classes were packed beyond his abilities to teach. He had to turn some students away. He relied more on Robert McCabe, sought additional assistants, and tried to reduce his outside commitments. But his national stature had grown to the point where he could not turn away some recognition and its attendant duties. He was elected honorary vice president of the American Forestry Association and president of the Ecological Society of America. Periodically, with increasing frequency and fury, pains exploded on the left side of Aldo’s face. It was like “somebody rising suddenly from behind a bush and bashing you with a sledgehammer.” The pain would stop him in midsentence. He had to shut his eyes and put pressure on the side of his face until the pain passed. Doctors diagnosed it as tic douloureux, or facial neuralgia, a swelling around one of the main facial nerves. They didn’t know what caused it or what to do about it. Aldo decided to wait and see if a summer’s ease at home and at the Shack would erase the pain and make surgery unnecessary. Ten years of work and affectionate tending had radically changed the landscape of the Shack. Nearly thirty thousand trees and shrubs thrived in patterns that were both random (never in rows) and intentional (the patches of flora fit the soils and the curves of the landscape). Overgrowth hid the river from view, pines defined parts of the land, and the experimental prairie had taken hold. As young Estella’s studies and social life began to envelop her, Aldo and Estella went to the Shack more and more as a twosome. Grandparents now, the Leopolds did get to babysit Bruce Carl Leopold that summer—the eldest child of Luna and his wife, Carolyn Clugston Leopold. For part of the time they took him to the Shack, and, as always, Aldo was able to relax, and his pains were somewhat relieved.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bus stop survey"

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Sarsam,SaadI. "Implementation of Surveying Techniques in the Route Selection for Baghdad Metro Tube." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.176.

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Transportation systems play a central role in a sustainable society by providing mobility for people, goods, and services. Significant sustainability benefits are being derived through the improvements in transportation network efficiency, use of alternative modes and multimodality, integration of sustainable design, better integration of land use and transportation systems. Sustainable transportation system usually refers to any means of transportation which has low impact on the environment, affordable to users and can balance the current and future needs. This work covers the implementation of surveying techniques in the route selection for Baghdad Metro Tube. The travel demand has been assessed through an extensive travel potential survey. The public bus terminals were considered as a major source of data. The number of passengers using the present public transportation system from each bus terminal and for each route to various destinations has been recorded. The passenger supply points have been indicated by latitude and longitude that define the bus stop and the proposed metro route using global positioning system GPS. A passenger counting data was collected concerning the present use of public transport. A line indicates travel from one area to another and a grid was constructed. The present bus routes were identified, and the 28 major and minor public transportation terminals, which represent the passenger trip origin and destination nodes, were detected using GPS. The bus terminals were also positioned by the GPS and affixed. The recent land use of Baghdad urban area and the existing transportation network as obtained from Google earth were utilized in the geographic information system GIS environment. Travel corridors are identified and analyzed according to their existing right-of-way conditions, transit services, land use, and demographics.The positive and negative attributes of each corridor with regards to their potential for supporting transitoriented development TOD and higher capacity transit services have been determined through optimization process in the GIS. Finally, five corridors of the highest trip potential have been selected and proposed.

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Kim, Jaehyun, Abhra Roy, Maryam Shariati, and James Lescoulie. "Computational Simulation of Flow to Improve Fluidic Stability in Cataract Surgery System." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3123.

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In this work, a CFD based design approach to improve fluidic stability of a cataract surgery system is presented. Cataract surgery is a procedure to remove hardened human lens (cataract) from the eye. Approximately two million cases of cataract surgery are done every year in the United States. The procedure starts with the incision of an aspiration port into the anterior chamber of the eye. The OD of the aspiration port is 0.9mm and is connected with vacuum pump and ultrasonic vibrator. After the incision, cataract is fragmented into small pieces using ultrasonic power. Finally, fragmented cataracts are extracted from the eye chamber using a vacuum pump. Current cataract surgery system has an issue of pressure surge followed by collapsing of the anterior chamber of the eye. In the extraction phase, often a big piece of cataract occludes the tip of the aspiration port to build up the pressure difference between the chamber and the pump. When the pressure difference reaches certain point the cataracts are abruptly pulled into the aspiration port. As a result of sudden displacement of cataract and the fluid from the chamber, pressure surges which causes eye chamber collapse. The collapsing of the chamber is not only dangerous to the organs in the anterior chamber such as cornea, but also it lifts the wall of posterior chamber and may damage the retina. Several different design concepts using mechanical and electrical feedback systems have been developed by Micro-Surgery Advanced Design Lab to improve fluidic stability of the system without significant influence upon the cycle time of the procedure. However, considering the size and precision required of the system and the complexity of the design parameters involved, feasibility test and design iterations using working prototypes may limit the possibility of finding an optimal solution to the design problem. In this work, a feasibility test method using computational flow analysis and bench-top simulation is proposed. In developing a design, it is suggested that the feasibility verification for the design concepts be divided into three different steps: CFD analysis, bench-top simulation and working prototype test. Each process filters the concepts before the concept is transferred to the next step and the results of each step are compared to improve the reliability. In CFD analysis, fluidic circuit is modeled to simulate the mechanisms of pressure surge and chamber collapse using CFDRC. Also, suggested design concepts are incorporated into the model to check the feasibility. In the interpretation of the results, the focus is on the estimation of time scale to see the validity of feedback system. Bench-top is an enlarged model of real eye and cataract surgery system. Dimensional analysis is used to design and interpret the result of the bench-top simulation. It has less flexibility in design changes than CFD analysis but easier to build and change than working prototypes because of the size. CFD analysis and bench-top simulation not only determine the initial feasibility of the design concept, but also it narrows down the design solution space to reduce the number of design iterations and save the time and cost for finding an optimal solution to the design problem.

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Uygur, Ercan. "Capital Flows and Growth in Emerging Market Economies: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00834.

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Since May 2013, we have witnessed sudden stops and large reversals in the flow of capital to the emerging market economies (EMEs). What we have witnessed is the reversal of the surge of capital that started in 2009 from the advanced economies to the emerging ones, as has been expected. The episodes of capital surges and retrenchments have been observed repeatedly in the last three decades. In this period, capital flows across countries have increased dramatically, but their fluctuations and volatility have been even more dramatic. Furthermore, these flows have played an increasingly important role in the business cycles of both advanced economies and EMEs and during episodes of crises. Why then, in spite of cycles and crises, there is free flow of capital to EMEs? One answer is that these flows might be used to finance investments and to contribute to the long run growth of the EMEs. The basic aim of this paper is to examine the validity of this assertion. Thus, the paper attempts to establish the effect of capital flows on the growth performance of the EMEs, with special reference to Turkey. After a survey of research on the subject, the paper first provides an account of the recent developments in international capital flows. The paper concentrates more on capital flows to Turkey in terms of categories, namely, foreign direct investment, portfolio investment and credit flows. The paper then empirically investigates the effect of these three categories and total capital inflows on the growth of the EMEs. Policy implications of the findings are also discussed.

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Faidy, Claude. "Break Exclusion in French EPR: A Step by Step Analysis." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25186.

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After a lot of analysis in USA, USNRC has accepted a leak before break procedure developed in NUREG 1061 [4]. An updated version is under preparation in particular for operating plant to include field experience, but also for future plants. In France, EDF and AREVA have developed a new “break exclusion” methodology in 2 steps: - the safety consideration and defense in depth principle, - a modernized procedure to justify applications of break exclusion on a given system. Finally, large piping double-ended guillotine break are not considered in EPR-FA3 as a design transient. The Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident (LB-LOCA) is not considered as a design transient, only safety analysis with realistic data and methods are performed. For EPR-FA3, the larger break considered is the double end guillotine break of the surge line (16″ instead of 28 or 32″). The paper will present the details of these 2 step procedure and will discuss possible extension to other piping systems.

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5

Chumacero-Polanco,ErikA., and James Yang. "Fall Prevention Therapies for Individuals With Stroke: A Survey." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67456.

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Stroke basically consists in brain-cells death due to lack or excess of blood. Stroke has many important consequences and falls are one of the most concerning. Falls can produce several injures from minor lacerations to fractures and death. It has been found that balance and gait impairments after stroke are important risk factors for fall. Hence, improving balance and gait ability in stroke survivors can significantly reduce falls rate. In this literature review, we review the main characteristic and the therapeutic results of different therapeutic interventions aimed at improving balance and walking ability. The main therapeutic interventions included are the Bobath therapy, exercise-based interventions, orthotic and assistive devices, modality treatments, alternative therapies, robotic-assisted training, and computational-based interventions. The parameters considered as evidence of balance and/or gait recovery after a specific intervention are: walking speed (WS), cadence, endurance, stride/step length, weight/walking symmetry, and sway. Our main findings are: 1) The wide use of the Bobath concept is not well supported by evidence due to its performance has been found to be inferior to some exercises-based interventions such as walking training; 2) exercises-based interventions were classified as strength and task-specific training. The former improves muscular and bone health, aerobic capability, and prepares the patient to perform a more demanding activity. The latter is designed as a repetitive training of a functional activity, mainly walking, and sit to stand exercises, which improve both gait and balance. Orthotic and assistive devices have effects on balance and gait but only while they are worn or used; 3) robotic assisted walking-training presented similar results to overground or treadmill walking training in terms of walking speed and balance recovery. However, the most important advantage lies on the reduction of burden for therapists; 4) thee most important use of motion analysis is as a tool for identify the causes deficits in a patient and the to design a therapy in accordance; 5) motion synthesis can be used as a tool to answer very specific questions related to capabilities/limitations of a patient. For instance, “what would be the effect of increasing hip-torque capability of a stroke survivor on the walking-symmetry?” The answer to this question would either help to design an exercise/intervention or to discard such intervention due to low impact; 6) some treatments are added to a main therapy to increase its effect on a given parameter. Functional electrical stimulation, which is added to cycling training to improve motion patterns. Biofeedback is used during balance training to reduce weight-asymmetry. And virtual reality and video games are used to increase motivation and permanence of patient on a therapy; 7) we found some alternative or no widely used therapies. Among the most promising we can mention Tai-Chi exercises, which integrates physical and mental activities to improve balance and gait and rhythmic auditory stimulation that improves WS and weight-symmetry; and 8) orthotics devices help to reduce falls by extending the base of support but the effect appears only while they are worn. In general, there is not an ultimate therapy able to fit to every patient. The choice should depend on patient’s goals and conditions. Moreover, falls can not be eliminated but they can be substantially reduced by improving balance and gait.

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6

Podciborski, Tomasz. "A Method for Evaluating Tram Stops Based on Passenger Expectations and the Needs of Disabled Persons." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.115.

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Criteria against which assessment is carried out the operation of public transport generally refer to specific elements of the network of public transport, such as lines, vehicles, bus stops, etc. Criteria for evaluation and their types can be many and they can have diverse nature (Saaty 1995). The main aim of this study was to develop a method for evaluating tram stops based on passenger expectations and the needs of disabled persons. This consisted in developing the list of items to be evaluated and principles of assessment. The proposed method was verified in selected sites, and the results of the assessment are discussed in the paper. The surveyed sites were tram stops in the city of Olsztyn in north-eastern Poland. The main aim was achieved through detailed goals, including definition of the concept of municipal transport, description of infrastructure components that influence the quality, attractiveness and safety of the analyzed tram stops, presentation of evaluation indicators and the relevant criteria, and description of evaluation principles.

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7

Saka, Nannaji. "On the Laws and Theories of Sliding Friction." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51470.

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The many seminal contributions made by Professor Nam P. Suh to the theories of wear, such as the delamination wear and the solution wear, are well known. The contributions made by him and his associates to the theories of friction, however, are less known; but they are equally significant. In this article, I first briefly survey, to provide an historical context, the laws and theories of sliding friction as proposed over the past centuries and decades. Then the contributions of Prof. Suh and his associates in recent decades are reviewed. Specifically, the role of wear particles in the frictional phenomena of dry and boundary-lubricated sliding is examined. A novel concept of undulating, or patterned, surfaces has been advanced to minimize friction in both dry and boundary-lubricated sliding. The undulating surfaces trap wear debris and thus minimize plowing friction in dry sliding, above the transition temperature in boundary-lubricated sliding, and even in hydrodynamic bearings during start/stop operations. The concept is especially appropriate for heavily loaded tribological systems with tighter clearances in which the likelihood of seizure is imminent.

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Van Heerden, Leanri, and Nicolaas Luwes. "Addressing engineering threshold concepts in an African university of technology." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11187.

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Learning new skills isn’t only for the benefit of passing the exam but being able to apply those skills in a productive way. One cannot learn before one understands which is why student understanding is a priority for facilitators. This becomes especially important in threshold concepts where a student will be unable to progress to the next stage before the threshold concept is mastered, but facilitators do not focus on pedagogy as they rely on the support of instructional designers. This explorative paper looks at student perceptions of their understanding of the threshold concept in electrical engineering, logic gates, after completing a lesson designed using the proposed ten-step activity plan. The activity plan is derived from the learning theories of Gagne, Biggs, Vygotsky and Gibson. A sample of 18 students completed an online survey that focused on their acquiring of skills relating to logic gates, truth tables and Boolean algebra. Results showed a positive experience with 88.89% of participants indicating that they left the lesson with a good understanding of the threshold concept. This ten-step activity plan can assist to close the gap between instructional designer and facilitator to design threshold concept lessons based on sound learning theory.

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Sammak, Shervin, and Masoud Boroomand. "Computational Analysis of a Compressor Rotor With Enhanced Airfoil." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89388.

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In this article, a compressor rotor blade is numerically modeled and solved by a CFD code. A stepped blade with higher aerodynamic characteristics is used to investigate unstable zone and improve operational limit and compressor stall. To validate numerical data original test case compared with experimental measurements. In this study, several locations of step on suction side of blades are tried, finally the results are compared with the case with no step on blades. It is shown that, by moving the step towards the leading edge, surge is delayed due to the reattachment of flow after the step. Efficiency is also decreased but lower than previous case.

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Vilela, Plínio, Mônica Cachoni, Anderson Vieira, and Luciano Christofoletti. "Train Circulation Planning: Quantitative Approaches." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2223.

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The railway traffic system is an important player in passenger and freight transportation. This paper aims to present a survey of optimization models for the most commonly studied rail transportation problems related to train scheduling. We propose a classification of models and describe their characteristics by focusing on model structure and algorithmic aspects. Most reviewed papers have been proposed during the last decades. Apart from a few exceptions, the survey concentrates on published and easily accessible material. We have also elected to limit ourselves to contributions dealing specifically with rail transportation planning in single and double tracks. Each model has different goals, such as, to minimize service delays, to reduce the unscheduled train stops or to minimize the total time a train has to remain motionless, specially to allow crossings. For each group of problems, we propose a classification of models and describe their important characteristics by focusing on model structure and algorithmic aspects. The literature review involve papers published since the 1970s, but recent publications suggest that the problem is still heavily investigated. The main approaches considered are those that focus on Mathematical Optimization and Simulation. The review also considers the approach used to generate the solution, the type of railroad (real or hypothetical), and the infrastructure characteristics used to represent the railroad model. Our analysis focuses on showing an overview of those planning models.

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Reports on the topic "Bus stop survey"

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Foster, Jessica. Survey of Legal Mechanisms Relating to Groundwater Along the Texas-Mexico Border. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.groundwateralongborder.

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The purpose of this study is to present a factual picture of the multiple groundwater governance frameworks that cover the same transboundary aquifers on the Texas-Mexico border. The study can then serve as a foundation to support future research and as a reference for those sharing groundwater resources on the border to use in considering whether and how to coordinate management. Currently, Texas A&M School of Law, the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University, and the Texas Water Resources Institute are collaboratively pursuing a larger interdisciplinary project, and the study presented in this report is part of that concerted endeavor. First, the project establishes a study area, then identifies who are the stakeholders in the area, and finally summarizes the various rules each entity applies to groundwater. The study area selected is based on the aquifers identified in the 2016 study noted above (see Figure 1). Although there is currently no formal agreement between governments or users in Mexico and Texas for managing the reservoirs that cross underneath the international border, this survey represents a preliminary step in addressing the larger problems that the absence of a cooperative groundwater management framework presents. All of the institutional approaches employed in the various jurisdictions surveyed here model features from which developing management approaches could draw. Equally, noting gaps in the institutional approaches themselves and the ad hoc groundwater withdrawals occurring outside the reach of those institutions illustrates potential value in engaging local users in Texas’ and Mexico’s respective groundwater governance arrangements.

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Saha, Amrita, Jodie Thorpe, Keir Macdonald, and Kelbesa Megersa. Linking Business Environment Reform with Gender and Inclusion: A Study of Business Licensing Reform in Indonesia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.001.

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Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations. It is intended to remove constraints to business investment, enabling growth and job creation, and create opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I). While a review of existing literature suggests that in general, there is no direct link between BER and G&I, indirect links are likely through the influence of BER on firm performance. Outcomes will be influenced by the differential ways in which women-led firms experience the business environment when compared to their male counterparts, with disparities based on how they are treated under the law, as well as structural and sociocultural factors. The fact that in many countries, female-led firms are fewer and smaller than those of their male counterparts, and may operate in different sectors, also affects these dynamics. This research offers new insights through an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) or one-stop shop business licensing reform in 2009 on firm performance in Indonesia, and how these impacts vary based on the gender of firm leadership. The results find that on average, firms benefited from improved business performance (sales), as a direct or indirect effect of this reform, as well as an increase in the number of medium and large-scale firms. Outside Jakarta (Bali, Banten, Lampung), women-led firms experienced a small but significant benefit relative to male-led firms, related to both sales and the number of medium and large-scale firms they run. In Jakarta, women-led firms continued to lag behind men and there were no significant effects on employment, and this held across province and gender. These findings are based on an analysis of the PTSP reform using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), a survey of small, medium and large firms (i.e. with more than four employees) which took place in Indonesia between 2009 and 2015.

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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.

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de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes, and Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.

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Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.

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